DNA Flipped Classroom Notes

• deoxyribonucleic acid
• found in nucleus
• wound into chromosomes
• organization of dank (not inside)
• All living organisms have dna
• viruses might have rna
• is a macromolecule (1 of 4 body ones)
• Dna double helix
• 5 carbon sugar phosphate group
• nitrogenous bases
• nb's made of or purines or paremidens
• pyrimidines have 1 group (cytosine, thymine )
• purines have 2 groups (guanine, adenine)
• pyr cant match with pyr, pur cant match with pur
• c and g always paired
• a and t always paired
• bases joind by weak hydrogyn bond
• 3 major functions
• gene goding
• dna replication
• codes for proteins
• sequence of bases acts as information
• long to store more info
• way bases work  is vital bc allows to replete from either side
• weak hydrogen bonds allow for it to be zipped and unzipped easily
• 
  

Dna Lab Part 3 And 4

In the nex two days, my lab group and I used alcohol to break through the nucleus of cells and collect DNA, dye the DNA, weigh down the DNA, transfer the DNA into the gel block, And run the experiment. There was a power outage and our wire rusted so we got no results.

We followed these steps: 

1. Open and slightly tilt the tube and pour (5 ml) of the chilled 95 percent ethanol down the side of the tube so that it forms a layer on the top of your soapy solution.
2. Allow tube to stand for 1 minute.
3. Use .2 ml pipette to pull 0.25 ml DNA from the top of the test tube into a micro test tube. Your DNA should stay solid in this solution.
4. Using the disposable pipettes , add 0.25 ml methylene blue solution for each DNA sample
5. Add one drop of glycerin to DNA/methylene blue solution.
6. Make new buffer solution (The buffer should be a 1% solution of baking soda. To make this, combine 2 grams (g) of baking soda with 200 mL of bottled water in one of your bowls and stir well.
7. Pour your buffer solution over the solidified gel. Add enough buffer to submerge the gel.
8. Gently pull the comb out of the gel. Be sure not to remove the comb until you are sure that the agarose gel is completely set. The resulting wells will be used as reservoirs for your samples.
9. Using the butter knife, carefully cut a thin slice of the gel from the top and the bottom to make room for the electrodes.
10. Re-attach the steel wire electrodes.
11. Using a .2 ml pipette, fill each well in the gel with a each suspects DNA solution
12. Using the alligator clip leads, attach the battery pack to the wires resting on the gel chamber. The positive terminal of the battery pack should be connected to to the clip farthest away from the DNA samples.
13. Set the machine to 150 V. DO NOT TOUCH OR DISTURB BOX DURING THIS PROCESS.
14. You should see bubbles forming around the electrodes in the buffer as the current passes through them.
15. Consider using time-lapse to record your results.

Lab step 2: DNA collection

Today we collected the DNA from the murder suspect's, and used soap to break the cell wall of the cheek cells with liquid detergent instead of enzymes.

Process

1. Murder suspect will complete this procedure.  Swish 2 teaspoons (10 ml) 0.9 percent salt water in your mouth for 30 seconds. This amount of swishing will actually become quite laborious -- hang in there!
2. Spit the water into the cup.
3. Make your soap and water solution (enough for all your DNA samples) Using a large test tube containing 12.25 ml of liquid detergent to 50 ml of water (25% mild detergent)
4. Using a pipette take 5 ml of each sample of DNA that you plan on collecting and place them in their own test tube. Be sure to label each test tube carefully.
5. Add 5 ml of your mild detergent to each test tube using a dropper.
6. Cap tube and gently rock it on its side for 2-3 minutes.
7. Transfer samples to labeled 15 ml test tubes.

Forensic Science: DNA Identification Lab- Making a Gel Electrophoresis Chamber

We recently found Romeo, Juliet, and Paris dead in a graveyard, and we have the DNA of the killer. When the police need to figure out if a suspect's DNA matches the DNA that was found at a crime scene they use a device called a Gel Electrophoresis Chamber (GEC). This device utilizes the fact that DNA is negatively charged, and DNA, in the presence of an electrical current, will move towards the positively charged electrode. In such a chamber 2 electrodes are submerged in either end of an agarose block and samples are placed in different channels in the agarose, and the entire thing is submerged in a buffer agent. When a current is run through the electrode the DNA samples will move through the agarose with varying speeds depending on the size of the pieces of DNA. A pattern unique to a single person will form after the current is stopped, and it can be matched to the pattern that is produced.

We completed the following.

1. Cut two pieces of steel wire 8 inches long, and bend the end of the wires into a hook that clips on the side of your small box.
2. Cut out a piece of styrofoam board with a width 2 inches larger than your chamber and a length that allows the bottom of the cut out to be  2mm away from the bottom of your small box.
3. cut a T shape out of the styrofoam by making the middle piece 8 inches long and the part that sticks out on the top 1/2 an inch long on both sides
4. make prongs where you DNA will be put. Make a prong per strand of DNA you have
5. make the buffer solution that you will use for both making the agarose gel and running the samples. The buffer should be a 1% solution of baking soda.
6. 500 mL of bottled water in one of your bowls and stir well with 5 grams
7. Make a 1% agarose gel solution by combining 5 g of agar powder with 500 mL of your buffer solution in a microwave-safe bowl.
8. Heat the agar solution in a microwave to dissolve the powder. Stop the microwave every 10-15 seconds to stir the solution.
9. When you see that the solution is starting to bubble,
10. remove it from the microwave. The solution should be translucent. Make sure to watch the agar solution carefully and remove it promptly from the microwave; when it gets hot it will easily bubble over.
11. Remove the stainless steel wire electrodes from the gel chamber.
12. Insert the Styrofoam comb into either end of the gel chamber, leaving approximately 0.5 centimeters (cm) between the end of the box and the comb. Gently pour the agar solution into the gel chamber. Add just enough solution to the box so that the comb teeth are submerged approximately 0.5 cm.
13. Wait until the gel solidifies, which may take at least 30 minutes at room temperature.
14. Let this box set in the fridge and store until you are ready to use it

The finished product of this step.

Test Taking Tips

Today we learned a process to help us answer difficult multiple choice questions. The process is as follows:

5) which of these is the best answer/answers

We then practiced these steps in the context of a past science exam.

1. We identified that the question was asking what answers display an example of the structure of an organ affecting that organ's function.
2. We then wrote down what we knew about the topic such as its ability to hold in acid and its ability to mechanically digest food by contacting
3. We then looked at the 4 possible answers and labeled 1 and 2 false and 3 and 4 as true
4. Because the we identified that the question allowed for multiple answers, both of 3 and 4 answer the question.
5. Both answers answer the question effectively and accurately so the answer is 3 and 4

Stress

      I think of stress as both harmful and beneficial. I believe that when the amount of stress is enough for you to handle without serious medical effects, stress is the best thing you could possibly have. Stress helps my rise to the occasion and be a better person academically, physically, and socially. It allows for me to respond to challenges quickly and with more precision. On the other hand stress can be incredibly terrible for me when I have too much of it. For example, during this past break I watched a couple videos about Internet security, and they terrified me. It made me realize how insecure our lives are on the Internet, and stressed me out because how much time I spend on the Internet, both academically and recreationally. This stress destroyed me. I became so frightened of hackers that I couldn't sleep for more than a couple hours at a time, and I eventually became very sick. You can still hear me coughing from it today. this shows the bad side of stress and what it can do to a person. But then after a couple miserable days I started to look at my stress the right way. I began to research ways to keep yourself safe on the Internet, and then upgraded my overall Internet security. This is a great example of how stress can be beneficial and how it can be your friend. So I believe that stress is good for you if you learn how to manage it and utilize it to help your life.